Were Not Totally Sure How Much the Planet Will Warm This CenturyBut We Still Need to Act. Its a well worn fact that our round Earth is warming, and that human carbon emissions are the cause. Whats less well known is how much warming weve already committed our planet to in the future. A new study crunched some numbers and came to an alarming answerbut other experts are already criticizing its approach, reminding us that the course of climate change remains incredibly tough to predict. Its a wellworn fact that our round Earth is warming, and that human carbon emissions are the cause. Whats less wellknown is how much warming weve already. The two degrees Celsius warming targetadopted by scientists and politicians alike as a threshold we ought to stay below to avoid catastrophic climate impactsis very likely to be surpassed this century, according to a study out in Nature Climate Change today. Using statistical models that project trends in socio economic factors like GDP and population growth forward in time, the University of Washington led study estimates there is only a five percent change Earth will warm less than two degrees this century. Game Files In the database of the website you will find thousands of popular as well as rare file extensions, and the thousands of programs that can be used to. Yahoo Lifestyle is your source for style, beauty, and wellness, including health, inspiring stories, and the latest fashion trends. Depressingly, the authors estimate just a one percent chance that well remain below 1. Paris Climate Agreement, which is thought to offer low lying island nations the best chance of remaining above water. Instead, the authors estimate a 9. Celsius 3. 6 to 8. Fahrenheit by centurys end. A threat analyst at the cybersecurity firm Mandiant has been hacked and the attackers are claiming to have lurked on his computer for a year, collecting his login. Left 4 Dead 2 is a cooperative firstperson shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The sequel to Turtle Rock Studioss Left 4 Dead, the game. Top VIdeos. Warning Invalid argument supplied for foreach in srvusersserverpilotappsjujaitalypublicindex. You have not yet voted on this site If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. On the one hand, this isnt surprisingmany experts believe we arent reducing our collective carbon footprint quickly enough to align with the Paris goal. The planet has already warmed about a degree since pre industrial times, and we know that theres more warming baked in as economies make the transition to renewable energy, and as heat taken up by the oceans is re released to the atmosphere. Another study out in Nature Climate Change last week also suggested were more likely to breach the two degree threshold than previously thought, because of uncertainty in how we define our pre industrial baseline level of CO2. Season 7 of HBOs Game of Thrones premieres this Sunday, giving you just enough time to figure out where to place your bets in your death pool and how to watch the. Mans best friend has long stood by our side with a little help from the humble dog leash. But if youre in the market for a leash to wrangle your new pet, which. Arts and crafts, video games, antiquing, science experimentswhats your fancy eHows covered all of your hobbyrelated needs, so discover something newBut when I sent the new paper to climate scientist Michael Mann, one of the co authors of last weeks study on defining the pre industrial baseline, he was immediately critical of its methods. Color me deeply, deeply skeptical, he said, noting that while his study described physical constraints on warming i. CO2 weve already emitted, the new study is based purely on socio economic trendsand assuming that those trends can foretell the future. That ignores the fact that political will depends on many factors that cannot be predicted based on past behavior, he said, noting that the recent growth in renewable energy, for instance, has exceeded the projections of many market forecasters. Xbox 360 Skin Template Airplane' title='Xbox 360 Skin Template Airplane' />Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institute for Science, noted that while the conclusion of the paper was wholly unsurprising, projecting the trajectory of complex social systems amounts to little more than stating ones opinion. In science, the leap from model to reality is always a dangerous leap, he told Gizmodo. Few predicted the fall of the Soviet Union, the unprecedented rapidity of the rise of China, or the election of Donald Trump. The question, as Caldeira put it, is how likely are humans to change their historical patterns of energy consumptionand when. If we dont change those patterns, then the world is likely to get very hot, he said. However, we will change those patterns. The question is whether we will change those patterns before we radically damage our environment effectively forever. Ive reached out to Adrian Raftery, lead author of the new study, with some of the criticisms enumerated above. Ive also reached out to a few other climate scientists to see what they think, and will update this post if and when I hear back. But, in short, theres still a lot of uncertainty about how much the planet will warm this century. Another study, also published today in Nature Climate Change, suggests were likely only committed to 1. The two new estimates are barely within the error bars of each other. Of course, none of this changes the fact that we need to act quickly to avoid the worst consequences of climate change. So, whats the average person to do about it all If you live in a wealthy nation, heres a list of choices you can make to align your lifestyle with the Paris goal. If enough of us make enough of these choices, itll help drive our economy in the right direction. But ultimately, the decisions thatll lead to the most impactful shiftsthose that cannot be predicted by models based on historical trendsare bigger than us. Theyre policy decisions made at high levels of government. So, you can also vote. Nature Climate ChangeUpdate In an email to Gizmodo, study co author Richard Startz responded to some of the criticisms above, saying that one of the goals of his teams modeling approach was its ability to account for uncertainty. Uncertainty about economic growth over the next 1. The bad news is that the band of likely outcomes range from pretty bad to outright disaster. To the point about the capricious nature of our political will to act, Startz emphasized that his team forecasts the worlds carbon intensity a metric of carbon emissions relative to economic growth will fall as quickly as it has been falling for some time now. It would take a noticeable acceleration or deceleration to make a difference, he said. Perhaps some country will pull out of the Paris accords and cut progress. Or one could imagine a country investing in basic science in a way that brings forth technological breakthroughs at a far more rapid pace than has already been the case. Software Per Fotomontaggi Online on this page. Left 4 Dead 2 Wikipedia. Left 4 Dead 2 is a cooperativefirst person shootervideo game developed and published by Valve Corporation. The sequel to Turtle Rock Studioss Left 4 Dead, the game released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 3. November 2. 00. 9, and for OS X in October 2. Linux in July 2. 01. Left 4 Dead 2 builds upon cooperatively focused gameplay and Valves proprietary Source engine, the same game engine used in the original Left 4 Dead. Set during the aftermath of an apocalyptic pandemic, Left 4 Dead 2 focuses on four new Survivors, fighting against hordes of zombies, known as the Infected, who develop severe psychosis and act extremely aggressive. The Survivors must fight their way through five campaigns, interspersed with safe houses that act as checkpoints, with the goal of escape at each campaigns finale. The gameplay is procedurally altered by the AI Director 2. Other new features include new types of special infected and an arsenal of melee weapons. The game made its world premiere at E3 2. Microsoft press event. Prior to release, it received a combination of positive and negative critical and community reactions. It attracted an unusually high volume of pre release controversy about the games graphic content. In response, alterations were made to the cover art5 and both Australia and Germany refused to rate the unmodified edition at the time of release. After release however, the game was met with positive reviews by critics. GameplayeditLike its predecessor, Left 4 Dead 2 is a first person shooter with a heavy emphasis on cooperative gameplay. The game presents five new campaigns, each composed of three to five smaller levels. As in the first game, each campaign is presented in menus and loading screens as a film starring the four Survivors and features, upon completing a campaign, a faux credits screen which acts as the final scoreboard for the players and recaps certain performance statistics for the group. In every campaign, most levels involve the Survivors attempting to reach a safe zone and close the door once they are all safely inside. However, the final level in each campaign requires the Survivors to call for rescue and either survive a prolonged onslaught until rescue arrives, pass through an especially challenging gauntlet of Infected to reach an escape vehicle, or in Dead Center and The Passing collect and utilize fuel cans to enable their escape. Each Survivor can carry one each of five categories of equipment primary weapons, secondary weapons, throwable weapons, major medical supplies which also includes ammunition upgrades and minor medical supplies. Primary weapons are broken down into four tiers based on their availability and attributes. Tier one weapons such as the SMG and Chrome Shotgun deal damage relatively slowly and serve as basic offensive weapons. Tier two weapons such as the Assault Rifle and Combat Shotgun deal damage faster and often appear in later maps of each chapter. The two tier three weapons Grenade Launcher and M6. They deal damage quickly at the cost of limited ammo. Tier four weapons are all mounted weapon systems and carry unlimited ammunition. The mounted weapons deal damage the fastest, but at the cost of overheating after a period of non stop use. The mounted weapons are in set positions in maps and have a fixed arc of fire. They cannot be given ammunition upgrades like other weapons and players cannot utilize the laser sights attachment with them. There are three types of secondary weapons available melee weapons, small caliber pistols that can be dual wielded and large caliber pistols. Although melee weapons cause extra damage to Infected when struck, the Survivors can use any other weapon or item for weaker melee attacks that can push the Infected back. Players also carry a flashlight with infinite battery life, the use of which enables players to see in the dark with the downside of the player gaining the attention of the Infected much faster. They may also carry a single first aid kit, special ammo pack, or a defibrillator in their major medical supply slot in addition to either pain pills or an adrenaline shot in their minor medical supply slot. They may also carry a single throwable weaponMolotov cocktails to set an area on fire pipe bombs to attract any nearby Infected to the flashing light and sound it makes until it explodes 1. Boomer bile, which attracts Common Infected to whatever it hits e. Special Infected, each other. To enable situational awareness of other Survivors, players are shown the health and status of their fellow survivors. If a player does not have direct sight of another Survivor e. Survivors highlighted silhouette. The Survivors are also susceptible to friendly fire, forcing players to exercise caution when shooting or swinging their weapons. As Survivors take damage, they move more slowly if a Survivors health drops to zero, they are incapacitated and left to fight off the Infected using a handgun until rescued by another Survivor. If a Survivor dies, they remain dead until the next level, unless revived by a defibrillator, or, in Campaign or Singleplayer mode, reappear in a Rescue Closet to be freed by other Survivors. Should all Survivors die or be incapacitated, the game will end, at which point the players may restart that chapter or quit the game. Game modeseditLeft 4 Dead 2 includes 5 regular game modes Campaign up to four human players fight against the Infected to make their way through Campaign stages any Survivor not controlled by a human player is controlled by the computer. A Singleplayer mode allows players to play without intrusion from human players, working through the Campaign stages with three computer controlled Survivor allies. Versus up to four other human players take control of various Special Infected to try and prevent the Survivors from completing a stage. Special Infected are randomly assigned to Infected players they cannot control the Witch or any Common Infected. Occasionally, as determined by the AI Director, certain players will become the Tank. The two teams swap sides once per stage, and are scored based on their stage progress as Survivors. If both teams make it to the saferoom with all four Survivors, a 2. Special Infected. Survival a timed challenge where the Survivors are trapped in a section of the campaign maps, and try to survive as long as possible against an unending onslaught of Infected. Scavenge a new 4 on 4 mode that requires the Survivor players to collect and use as many fuel cans scattered about a level to fill up a power generator, while the Infected players attempt to stop them. Left 4 Dead 2 also features a Realism mode, which can be enabled at any difficulty for either Campaign or Versus. This mode removes some of the video game aspects from the gameplay Survivors cannot see each others silhouettes, and dead teammates can only be revived with defibrillators and will not respawn later in the level. Weapons and other items will only glow when the player is within a few feet, forcing the players to search the levels more thoroughly. Headshots to enemies deal more damage, whereas limb or body shots require more shots. In addition, the Witch enemy can kill any Survivor she would have normally incapacitated on difficulties other than Easy. Designed to force players to work closely together and rely on voice communication, Valve created Realism mode to give players a way to be challenged as a team without having to increase the difficulty level of the game. Finally, in later versions of the game, there is a Mutation option, in which players can select from a menu of 3.